Magnetic multilayer pigment flake and coating composition

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a magnetic multilayer pigment flake and a magnetic coating composition that are relatively safe for human health and the environment. The pigment flake includes one or more magnetic layers of a magnetic alloy and one or more dielectric layers of a dielectric material. The magnetic alloy is an iron-chromium alloy or an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy, having a substantially nickel-free composition. The coating composition includes a plurality of the pigment flakes disposed in a binder medium.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/828,069 to Raksha et al. filed on Jun. 30, 2010, which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to multilayer pigment flakes and to coating compositions incorporating such pigment flakes. In particular, the present invention relates to magnetic multilayer pigment flakes and to magnetic coating compositions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Chromium-containing materials are widely used in coating compositions because of their advantageous optical-absorption and corrosion-inhibiting properties. In many coating compositions, such as interference coating compositions, layers of chromium-containing materials are used as absorbing layers in multilayer pigment flakes.

For example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,858,977 to Baird, et al., issued on Jan. 7, 1975, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,245 to Phillips, et al., issued on Oct. 22, 1991, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,624 to Phillips, et al., issued on Nov. 5, 1996, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,504 to Kuntz, et al., issued on Oct. 17, 2000, and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,115 to Pfaff, et al., issued on Dec. 5, 2000, which are incorporated herein by reference, layers of chromium metal may be used as absorbing layers. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,394 to Ostertag, et al., issued on Dec. 18, 1990, and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,467 to Schmid, et al., issued on Nov. 15, 1994, which are incorporated herein by reference, layers of chromium(III) oxide (Cr₂O₃) may be used as absorbing layers. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,119 to Phillips, et al., issued on Jun. 13, 1995, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,105 to Hubbard, et al., issued on May 22, 2001, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,524,381 to Phillips, et al., issued on Feb. 25, 2003, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,648,957 to Andes, et al., issued on Nov. 18, 2003, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,759,097 to Phillips, et al., issued on Jul. 6, 2004, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,299 to Phillips, et al., issued on Nov. 16, 2004, and in U.S. Pat. No. 7,169,472 to Raksha, et al., issued on Jan. 30, 2007, which are incorporated herein by reference, layers of commonly available chromium-containing alloys, such as Hastelloys, Inconels, stainless steels, and nickel-chromium alloys, may be used as absorbing layers.

Unfortunately, many of the chromium-containing materials in the absorbing layers of prior-art coating compositions are harmful to human health. Chromium metal and chromium(III) oxide, for example, each cause irritation to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, these materials may be oxidized to form chromium(VI) species, which are, generally, toxic and carcinogenic. Furthermore, the chromium-containing alloys used in the absorbing layers of prior-art coating compositions, typically, also contain nickel, which is toxic and carcinogenic. Therefore, many prior-art coating compositions based on chromium-containing materials pose potential health and environmental hazards.

Despite their advantageous corrosion-inhibiting properties, in particular, chromium-containing magnetic alloys are not, generally, used as magnetic layers in multilayer magnetic pigment flakes. Rather, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,808,806 to Phillips, et al., issued on Oct. 26, 2004, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,299, and in U.S. Pat. No. 7,169,472, additional dielectric or insulator layers are, conventionally, used to improve the corrosion resistance of magnetic layers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art by providing a magnetic multilayer pigment flake and a magnetic coating composition that are relatively safe for human health and the environment.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a magnetic multilayer pigment flake comprising: one or more magnetic layers of a magnetic alloy, wherein the magnetic alloy is an iron-chromium alloy or an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy, having a substantially nickel-free composition; and one or more dielectric layers.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a magnetic coating composition comprising: a binder medium; and a plurality of magnetic multilayer pigment flakes disposed in the binder medium, wherein the plurality of pigment flakes each comprise: one or more magnetic layers of a magnetic alloy, wherein the magnetic alloy is an iron-chromium alloy or an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy, having a substantially nickel-free composition; and one or more dielectric layers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, which represent exemplary embodiments thereof, wherein:

FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of a first preferred embodiment of a magnetic multilayer pigment flake;

FIG. 1B is a plot of the angle-dependent color travel of a magnetic coating composition comprising a plurality of the pigment flakes of FIG. 1A having the following layer structure: Fe—Cr, semi-transparent/MgF₂, 370 nm/Al, opaque/MgF₂, 370 nm/Fe—Cr, semi-transparent;

FIG. 1C is a plot of the angle-dependent color travel of a magnetic coating composition comprising a plurality of the pigment flakes of FIG. 1A having the following layer structure: Fe—Cr—Al, semi-transparent/MgF₂, 370 nm/Fe—Cr—Al, opaque/MgF₂, 370 nm/Fe—Cr—Al, semi-transparent;

FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of a second preferred embodiment of a magnetic multilayer pigment flake having a first layer-thickness profile;

FIG. 2B is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of a second preferred embodiment of a magnetic multilayer pigment flake having a second layer-thickness profile;

FIG. 3A is a schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment of a coating composition being exposed to microwave radiation; and

FIG. 3B is a schematic illustration of the coating composition illustrated in FIG. 3A being exposed to a magnetic field.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a magnetic multilayer pigment flake and a magnetic coating composition incorporating such pigment flakes. The pigment flake and, consequently, the coating composition substantially preclude the release of potentially harmful nickel and chromium(VI), while providing advantageous magnetic, optical, and corrosion-inhibiting properties.

The pigment flake includes a plurality of thin-film layers of various materials. Generally, the pigment flake has an aspect ratio of at least 2:1 and an average particle size of about 2 μm to about 20 μm.

In particular, the pigment flake includes one or more magnetic layers of a magnetic alloy, i.e. a ferro- or ferrimagnetic alloy, enabling the pigment flake to be aligned with a magnetic field. The magnetic alloy has a nickel-free composition including iron and chromium. Optionally, the composition of the magnetic alloy may also include other metals, such as aluminum, minor constituents, and/or impurities, e.g. carbon and/or silicon on the scale of about 0.1 wt %. Preferably, the composition of the magnetic alloy consists essentially of iron and chromium or of iron, chromium, and aluminum. For example, the magnetic alloy may be an iron-chromium alloy or an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy.

In the magnetic alloy, the chromium atoms are bonded by metallic bonds, which involve the sharing of electrons. Thus, chromium is present in the magnetic alloy as chromium(0). If the magnetic alloy is subject to corrosion, chromium is mainly released as chromium(III), rather than potentially harmful chromium(VI). Moreover, a chromium(III)-containing oxide may be formed, which passivates the surface of the magnetic alloy, inhibiting further corrosion.

The inventors have found that a composition of the magnetic alloy including about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % chromium, about 0 wt % to about 18 wt % aluminum, and a balance of iron minimizes the undesirable release of chromium(VI), but retains desirable magnetic, optical, and corrosion-inhibiting properties. Preferably, the pigment flake releases substantially no chromium(VI). Moreover, the inclusion of aluminum in the magnetic alloy provides increased reflectance.

Preferably, the composition of the magnetic alloy consists essentially of about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % chromium, about 0 wt % to about 18 wt % aluminum, and a balance of iron. That is, the magnetic alloy may be an iron-chromium alloy having a composition consisting essentially of about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % chromium, and a balance of iron, or may be an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy having a composition consisting essentially of about 5 wt % to about 30 wt % chromium, greater than 0 wt % to about 18 wt % aluminum, and a balance of iron.

In a preferred embodiment, which provides advantageous optical-absorption properties, the magnetic alloy is an iron-chromium alloy having a composition consisting essentially of about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % chromium and a balance of iron. In some instances, the magnetic iron-chromium alloy has a composition consisting essentially of about 10 wt % to about 12 wt % chromium and a balance of iron.

In another preferred embodiment, which provides advantageous optical-reflection properties, the magnetic alloy is an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy having a composition consisting essentially of about 10 wt % to about 30 wt % chromium, about 1 wt % to about 18 wt % aluminum, and a balance of iron. In some instances, the magnetic iron-chromium-aluminum alloy has a composition consisting essentially of about 18 wt % to about 25 wt % chromium, about 6 wt % to about 15 wt % aluminum, and a balance of iron.

It should be noted that the composition of the magnetic alloy may differ, sometimes considerably, in different pigment flakes within the same batch of pigment flakes due to local variations in the deposited composition.

The pigment flake, typically, includes a plurality of magnetic layers of the magnetic alloy, in addition to a plurality of dielectric layers. Optionally, the pigment flake may also include layers of other types.

The magnetic layers of the magnetic alloy, typically, serve as absorbing layers for absorbing light and/or as reflecting layers for reflecting light. In other words, the pigment flake may include one or more absorbing magnetic layers and/or one or more reflecting magnetic layers. The magnetic layers may be formed of the same or different magnetic alloys and may have the same or different physical thicknesses. For example, the pigment flake may include one or more absorbing magnetic layers and one or more reflecting magnetic layers formed of the same magnetic alloy, but having different physical thicknesses. Generally, the magnetic layers each have a physical thickness of about 3 nm to about 1000 nm. In instances where the magnetic layers serve as absorbing layers, the magnetic layers are semi-transparent, each, typically, having a physical thickness of about 3 nm to about 50 nm. Preferably, such semi-transparent absorbing magnetic layers each have a physical thickness of about 5 nm to about 15 nm. In instances where the magnetic layers serve as reflecting layers, the magnetic layers are opaque, each, typically, having a physical thickness of about 20 nm to about 1000 nm. Preferably, such opaque reflecting magnetic layers each have a physical thickness of about 50 nm to about 100 nm. Generally, the magnetic layers are amorphous, having been deposited by evaporation in vacuum.

In some instances, an opaque layer of a reflective material other than the magnetic alloy may serve as a reflecting layer for reflecting light. Suitable reflective materials include tin, aluminum, copper, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, titanium, and compounds or alloys thereof. Such an opaque reflecting layer is, preferably, formed of aluminum. Typically, such an opaque reflecting layer has a physical thickness within the same ranges as the opaque reflecting magnetic layers.

The dielectric layers, typically, serve as transparent spacer layers, and provide the pigment flake with durability and rigidity. The dielectric layers may be formed of any transparent dielectric material having a low refractive index, i.e. a refractive index of less than about 1.65, or a high refractive index, i.e. a refractive index of greater than about 1.65. Suitable dielectric materials having a low refractive index include silicon dioxide (SiO₂), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), and metal fluorides, such as magnesium fluoride (MgF₂). Suitable dielectric materials having a high refractive index include silicon monoxide (SiO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS). Preferably, the dielectric layers are formed of magnesium fluoride.

The dielectric layers may be formed of the same or different dielectric materials and may have the same or different physical thicknesses. For example, the pigment flake may include one or more dielectric layers formed of the same dielectric material, but having different physical thicknesses and, therefore, different optical thicknesses. Generally, the dielectric layers each have a physical thickness of about 100 nm to about 5000 nm. The physical thickness is selected to correspond with an optical thickness required by a layer structure of the pigment flake for providing a desired optical effect.

The pigment flake may have a variety of layer structures, having various compositional and layer-thickness profiles, for providing a variety of optical effects. Typically, the pigment flake has an interference layer structure. Preferably, the pigment flakes has an interference layer structure for providing a color-shifting effect through the interference of light, such that the pigment flake changes color with viewing angle or angle of incident light.

With reference to FIG. 1A, a first preferred embodiment of the pigment flake 100 has a symmetrical interference layer structure including five layers: two semi-transparent absorbing magnetic layers 110 and 112, two transparent dielectric layers 120 and 121, and one opaque reflecting layer 111, which may be non-magnetic or magnetic. A first transparent dielectric layer 120 overlies a first semi-transparent absorbing magnetic layer 110, a central opaque reflecting layer 111 overlies the first transparent dielectric layer 120, a second transparent dielectric layer 121 overlies the central opaque reflecting layer 111, and a second semi-transparent absorbing magnetic layer 112 overlies the second transparent dielectric layer 121.

The first and second semi-transparent absorbing magnetic layers 110 and 112 are formed of the magnetic alloy, and the first and second transparent dielectric layers 120 and 121 are formed of a dielectric material, as described heretofore.

In some embodiments, the central opaque reflecting layer 111 is formed of a reflective material other than the magnetic alloy, as described heretofore. To illustrate such an embodiment, a layer stack was fabricated having the following layer structure: Fe—Cr, semi-transparent/MgF₂, 370 nm/Al, opaque/MgF₂, 370 nm/Fe—Cr, semi-transparent. First and second semi-transparent absorbing magnetic layers 110 and 112 of an iron-chromium alloy, first and second transparent dielectric layers 120 and 121 of magnesium fluoride, and a central opaque reflecting layer 111 of aluminum were deposited by evaporation in vacuum onto a polyester substrate. The iron-chromium alloy had a composition consisting essentially of about 10 wt % to about 12 wt % chromium and a balance of iron.

The layer stack was stripped from the substrate and ground to form a plurality of pigment flakes 100 having an average particle size of about 20 μm. The plurality of pigment flakes 100 were combined with a binder medium to form a coating composition, and the coating composition was printed onto a paper substrate and dried. The color-shifting properties of the printed coating composition were then analyzed with a goniospectrophotometer. The angle-dependent color travel of the printed coating composition with a change of viewing angle from 10° to 60° is plotted in FIG. 1B.

In other embodiments, the central opaque reflecting layer 111 is formed of the magnetic alloy, preferably, embodied as an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy, such that the magnetic layers 110, 111, and 112 alternate with the dielectric layers 120 and 121. To illustrate such an embodiment, a layer stack was fabricated having the following layer structure: Fe—Cr-Al, semi-transparent/MgF₂, 370 nm/Fe—Cr—Al, opaque/MgF₂, 370 nm/Fe—Cr—Al, semi-transparent. First and second semi-transparent absorbing magnetic layers 110 and 112 of an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy, first and second transparent dielectric layers 120 and 121 of magnesium fluoride, and a central opaque reflecting magnetic layer 111 of the iron-chromium-aluminum alloy were deposited by evaporation in vacuum onto a polyester substrate to form the layer stack. The iron-chromium-aluminum alloy had a composition consisting essentially of about 18 wt % to about 25 wt % chromium, about 6 wt % to about 15 wt % aluminum, and a balance of iron.

The layer stack was stripped from the substrate and ground to form a plurality of pigment flakes 100 having an average particle size of about 20 μm. The plurality of pigment flakes 100 were combined with a binder medium to form a coating composition, and the coating composition was printed onto a paper substrate and dried. The color-shifting properties of the printed coating composition were then analyzed with a goniospectrophotometer. The angle-dependent color travel of the printed coating composition with a change of viewing angle from 10° to 60° is plotted in FIG. 1C.

Advantageously, embodiments of the pigment flake that include a plurality of magnetic layers of the magnetic alloy in alternation with a plurality of dielectric layers absorb microwave radiation particularly well, allowing the pigment flake to be heated with microwave radiation. In such embodiments, the magnetic alloy serves three different functions: enabling microwave absorption by the pigment flake, enabling optical absorption by the pigment flake, and enabling magnetic alignment of the pigment flake.

In some embodiments, the pigment flake includes inner and outer groups of dielectric layers having different optical thicknesses and different functionalities. Typically, the dielectric layers of the inner group have one or more optical thicknesses selected to provide resonant microwave absorption, whereas the dielectric layers of the outer group have one or more optical thicknesses, different from those of the inner group, selected to provide an interference color.

With reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, a second preferred embodiment of the pigment flake 200 a/200 b has a symmetrical interference structure including eleven layers: two semi-transparent absorbing magnetic layers 210 a/210 b and 215 a/215 b, five transparent dielectric layers 220 a/220 b, 221 a/221 b. 222 a/222 b. 223 a/223 b, and 224 a/224 b, and four opaque reflecting magnetic layers 211 a/211 b, 212 a/212 b, 213 a/213 b, and 214 a/214 b. In the illustrated embodiment, the magnetic layers 210 a/210 b, 211 a/211 b. 212 a/212 b. 213 a/213 b, 214 a/214 b, and 215 a/215 b are all formed of the same magnetic alloy. Likewise, the dielectric layers 220 a/220 b, 221 a/221 b. 222 a/222 b. 223 a/223 b, and 224 a/224 b are all formed of the same dielectric material.

A first transparent dielectric layer 220 a/220 b overlies a first semi-transparent magnetic layer 210 a/210 b, a first opaque reflecting magnetic layer 211 a/211 b overlies the first transparent dielectric layer 220 a/220 b, a second transparent dielectric layer 221 a/221 b overlies the first opaque reflecting magnetic layer 211 a/211 b, a second opaque reflecting magnetic layer 212 a/212 b overlies the second transparent dielectric layer 221 a/221 b, a third transparent dielectric layer 222 a/222 b overlies the second opaque reflecting magnetic layer 212 a/212 b, a third opaque reflecting magnetic layer 213 a/213 b overlies the third transparent dielectric layer 222 a/222 b, a fourth transparent dielectric layer 223 a/223 b overlies the third opaque reflecting magnetic layer 213 a/213 b, a fourth opaque reflecting magnetic layer 214 a/214 b overlies the fourth transparent dielectric layer 223 a/223 b, a fifth transparent dielectric layer 224 a/224 b overlies the fourth opaque reflecting magnetic layer 214 a/214 b, and a second semi-transparent absorbing magnetic layer 215 a/215 b overlies the fifth transparent dielectric layer 224 a/224 b, such that the magnetic layers 210 a/210 b, 211 a/211 b, 212 a/212 b, 213 a/213 b, 214 a/214 b, and 215 a/215 b alternate with the dielectric layers 220 a/220 b, 221 a/221 b, 222 a/222 b, 223 a/223 b, and 224 a/224 b.

The first and second semi-transparent absorbing magnetic layers 210 a/210 b and 215 a/215 b, and the first, second, third, and fourth opaque reflecting magnetic layers 211 a/211 b, 212 a/212 b, 213 a/213 b, and 214 a/214 b are formed of the magnetic alloy. The first, second, third, fourth, and fifth transparent dielectric layers 220 a/220 b, 221 a/221 b, 222 a/222 b, 223 a/223 b, and 224 a/224 b are formed of a dielectric material, as described heretofore.

The pigment flake 200 a/200 b may have various layer-thickness profiles selected to optimize resonant microwave absorption over a large bandwidth. With particular reference to FIG. 2A, according to a first layer-thickness profile of the pigment flake 200 a, the first, second, third, and fourth opaque reflecting magnetic layers 211 a, 212 a, 213 a, and 214 a have the same physical thickness, which is larger than that of the first and second semi-transparent absorbing magnetic layers 210 a and 215 a. The second, third, and fourth transparent dielectric layers 221 a, 222 a, and 223 a have the same physical thickness, which is smaller than that of the first and fifth transparent dielectric layers 220 a and 224 a.

With particular reference to FIG. 2B, according to a second layer-thickness profile of the pigment flake 200 b, the physical thickness of the second and third opaque reflecting magnetic layers 212 b and 213 b is larger than that of the first and fourth opaque reflecting magnetic layers 211 b and 214 b, which is larger than that of the first and second semi-transparent absorbing magnetic layers 210 b and 215 b. The physical thickness of the third transparent dielectric layer 222 b is smaller than that of the first and fifth transparent dielectric layers 220 b and 224 b, which is smaller than that of the second and fourth transparent dielectric layers 221 b and 223 b. Advantageously, such a layer-thickness profile provides a particularly large bandwidth of microwave absorption.

Of course, numerous other embodiments of the pigment flake provided by the present invention may be envisaged without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

The pigment flake of the present invention can be formed by various fabrication methods, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,245, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,624, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,524,381, and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,299, for example. Generally, some or all of the component layers are sequentially deposited on a substrate by using a conventional deposition technique, such as a physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or electrolytic deposition, to form a layer stack.

For example, the magnetic layers may be deposited by evaporating a wire of a magnetic alloy, e.g. a ferritic stainless steel or Kanthal alloy, in vacuum. It should be noted that the composition of the magnetic alloy in the deposited magnetic layers often differs from that of the wire. Moreover, the composition of the magnetic alloy may differ, sometimes considerably, at different points in the deposited magnetic layer.

The layer stack is subsequently stripped from the substrate and ground to form a plurality of pigment flakes or preflakes. If preflakes are formed, the remaining component layers are then sequentially deposited on the preflakes to form a plurality of pigment flakes.

The plurality of pigment flakes may be combined with a binder medium to produce the coating composition of the present invention. Typically, the binder medium includes a resin that can be cured, for example, by evaporation, by heating, or by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Suitable resins include alkyd resins, polyester resins, acrylic resins, polyurethane resins, vinyl resins, epoxy resins, styrene resins, and melamine resins. Optionally, the binder medium may include a solvent, such as an organic solvent or water, a cure retarder, such as clove oil, or other additives.

The coating composition may be used as a paint or an ink and applied to various objects, such as currency and security documents, product packagings, fabrics, motorized vehicles, sporting goods, electronic housings, household appliances, architectural structures, and floorings. Preferably, the coating composition is an interference coating composition providing a color-shifting effect through the interference of light.

Being relatively safe for human health and the environment, the coating composition is well-suited for use in applications where chemical safety is a concern and for use under conditions where chemical release is likely to occur.

Being magnetic, the coating composition is also well-suited for use in printing optical-effect images, such as three-dimensional, illusionary, and/or kinematic images, by aligning the magnetic pigment flakes within the coating composition with a magnetic field. A variety of optical-effect images for decorative and security applications can be produced by various methods, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,759,097, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,047,883 to Raksha, et al., issued on May 23, 2006, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0081151 to Raksha, et al., published on Apr. 20, 2006, and in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0268349 to Kurman, published on Nov. 22, 2007, for example, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Generally, the coating composition is printed on a substrate by a conventional printing technique, such as gravure, stamping, intaglio, flexographic, silk-screen, jet, or lithographic printing. While still fluid or after being re-fluidized, the coating composition is exposed to a magnetic field, which aligns the magnetic pigment flakes within the coating in a desired pattern. The binder medium within the coating composition is then cured, for example, by evaporation, by heating, or by exposure to UV radiation, fixing the alignment of the pigment flakes in the desired pattern to form the optical-effect image.

With reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B, a preferred embodiment of the coating composition 330, which is well-suited for use as an intaglio ink, includes pigment flakes 300 that absorb microwave radiation 340 disposed in a high-viscosity binder medium 350. The coating composition 330 is printed on a substrate 360. With particular reference to FIG. 3A, when the coating composition 330 is exposed to microwave radiation 340, the pigment flakes 300 absorb the microwave radiation 340, generating heat. The generated heat reduces the viscosity of the binder medium 350 in microcapsules 351 surrounding the pigment flakes 300. Advantageously, it is only necessary to apply enough microwave radiation 340 to the coating composition 330 to reduce the viscosity within the microcapsules 351, rather than within the binder medium 350 as a whole.

With particular reference to FIG. 3B, when the coating composition 330 is soon afterward exposed to a magnetic field 370, the pigment flakes 300, which are free to move within the low-viscosity microcapsules 351, align themselves with the magnetic field 370. The coating composition 330 is then removed from the magnetic field 370 and is cured by evaporation, fixing the alignment of the pigment flakes 300. Although the pigment flakes 300 are illustrated in FIG. 3B as being aligned parallel to the substrate 360, the pigment flakes 300 may be aligned in numerous other patterns by varying the direction and intensity of the magnetic field 370.

Of course, numerous other embodiments of the coating composition provided by the present invention may be envisaged without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

1-21. (canceled)
 22. A method for making a multilayer pigment flake comprising: forming on a substrate a layer stack including one or more layers of a ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic alloy, one or more dielectric layers, and a reflecting layer; stripping the layer stack from the substrate; and grinding the layer stack to form a plurality of multilayer pigment flakes.
 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising: utilizing the plurality of multilayer pigment flakes as preflakes; and sequentially depositing additional component layers on the preflakes to form a plurality of pigment flakes.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the multilayer pigment flakes have an average particle size of about 20 μm.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the multilayer pigment flakes are combined with a binder medium to form a coating composition.
 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising printing the coating composition onto a paper substrate.
 27. The method of claim 25, further comprising printing the coating composition onto at least one of currency, security documents, and product packagings.
 28. The method of claim 22, wherein the layer stack was formed using evaporation in vacuum.
 29. The method of claim 22, wherein the substrate is a polyester substrate.
 30. The method of claim 22, wherein the layer stack includes alternating layers of the ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic alloy and the dielectric layer.
 31. The method of claim 26, further comprising heating the coating composition with microwave radiation.
 32. The method of claim 22, wherein the one or more dielectric layers have different optical thicknesses.
 33. The method of claim 22, wherein the layer stack is formed by a deposition technique chosen from physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, or electrolytic deposition.
 34. The method of claim 25, further comprising curing the binder medium by a process chosen from evaporation, heating, or exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
 35. The method of claim 25, wherein the binder medium includes an additive chosen from an organic solvent, water, or a cure retarder.
 36. The method of claim 31, further comprising exposing the coating composition to a magnetic field to align the multilayer pigment flakes.
 37. The method of claim 36, further comprising forming an optical-effect image.
 38. The method of claim 31, wherein the aligned multilayer pigment flakes exhibit angle-dependent color travel. 